Fisher, F
Stress reduction may also play a role, as chronic psychological stress and elevated cortisol levels can impair metabolic hormone regulation
For a long time, the manifestation of depressive symptoms has been also associated with the deficits in neurotrophic factor action in the brain [51], especially highlighting the role of diminished brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling as important for the pathogenesis of this mental disorder [52]
Provides nutrients, removes metabolic waste, regenerates visual pigments, forms blood-retinal barrier
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Certainly, hyperglycaemia (or oral glucose tolerance) did not turn out to be a strong predictor of GLP-1 secretion, suggesting that other characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients not represented by elevated glucose concentrations in the fasting or postprandial state may determine GLP-1 secretion, although opinions differ [54]