(b) a transcellular pathway, mainly across the sustentacular cells, most likely by receptor-mediated endocytosis, fluid-phase endocytosis, or passive diffusion (not for peptides)
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It appears to promote angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) at injury sites, upregulate growth factor receptors, and modulate nitric oxide signaling
While B12 is not a stimulant, weight-loss medication, or a cure for fatigue, patients who are low or borderline low in B12 may feel better once their levels are supported
Some people need a short course of frequent injections to correct deficiency, while others need long-term maintenance
Large injection volumes can cause localized reactions, particularly stinging or a raised bump at the injection site