Stucker M, Memmel U, Hoffmann M, Hartung J, Altmeyer P
BPC-157: The Promise and Perils of a Healing Peptide
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The largest group of AMPs produced by mammals are defensins, first discovered in human neutrophils
There is no upper limit (UL) because toxicity due to high dosage is unlikely
Gene expression analysis in ARPE-19 cells was conducted by amplifying the following genes: SOD2 (protein name: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial), CAT (protein name: catalase), HMOX1 (protein name: heme oxygenase 1), SNAL1 (protein name: Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1), ZEB1 (protein name: Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1), TWIST1 (protein name: Twist Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1), VIM (protein name: Vimentin), FN1 (protein name: Fibronectin 1), ACTA2 (protein name: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle) and GAPDH (protein name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)