[PMC free article: PMC6596967] [PubMed: 31229996] 348
In summary, catalpol has demonstrated robust in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective activity against various neurological conditions, including those induced by rotenone, OGD/reoxygenation in SH-SY5Y cells, lead in PC12 cells, LPS in BV-2 cells, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimers disease
379 In recent years, a variety of senolytic agents have been developed on the basis of -gal, such as the photosensitive senolytic prodrugs KSL0608-Se, 380 SK-Mel-103, 381 PROTACs Gal-ARV-771, 382 Nav-Gal, 378 Gal-LIN, 383 and Gal-Tz, 384 etc
Intramuscular (IM) vitamin injections bypass the gastrointestinal system entirely, achieving 70 to 80% greater bioavailability than oral supplementation
Additionally, GHK-Cu exhibits powerful cell protective actions, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects, lung protection, suppression of aging-related molecules like NFB, and enhancement of DNA repair and cell cleansing via the proteasome system
It operates within a complex network of antioxidants that "recharge" each other
