First, chat with your doctor to determine whether you have any vitamin deficiencies, Dr
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4.2 Detailed expandable studies Study 1: Lau 2021, pivotal Phase 2 monotherapy Citation: Lau D.C.W., Erichsen L., Francisco A.M., et al

Certain groups face elevated risk of B12 deficiency and should discuss testing with their healthcare provider: Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets without adequate supplementation Older adults (particularly those over 60 years), due to reduced gastric acid production People with gastrointestinal conditions including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or those who have undergone gastric or ileal surgery Long-term users of medications affecting B12 absorption, such as metformin (MHRA advises monitoring B12 levels), PPIs, or H2-receptor antagonists Individuals with pernicious anaemia or family history of this autoimmune condition People with exposure to nitrous oxide (recreational or occupational), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnostic testing typically involves serum B12 measurement , though this may not always reflect tissue stores accurately

The frozen specimen had a multidetector CT scan followed by being cut into 2-cm thick slices in the same plane as the CT scan