Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease ASD: Autism spectrum disorder BBB: Bloodbrain barrier BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor CNS: Central nervous system CRF: Corticotropin-releasing factor EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ENS: Enteric nervous system FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 HD: Huntingtons disease HPA axis: Hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MGBA: Microbiotagutbrain axis MS: Multiple sclerosis PD: Parkinsons disease SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids TMA: Trimethylamine TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha Th17: T helper 17 cells Tregs: Regulatory T cells References Wilson DM III, Cookson MR, Van Den Bosch L, Zetterberg H, Holtzman DM, Dewachter I
Three modules are GPI-anchored protein signal sequences from DAF, BY55, and CEAM7, and the other three are transmembrane domains (TMDs) from ITAV, ITA5, and ITB3 as used previously (Yang et al., 2022)
Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate prevents cadmium-induced activation of JNK and apoptotic hepatocyte death by reversing ROS-inactivated PP2A
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However, due to the relatively slow reaction rates and typical concentrations involved, this direct scavenging is improbable for oxidants such as H 2 O 2 , O 2 , or ONOO , while it remains feasible for more reactive radicals like NO 2 and hypohalous acids [4,38]
