Furthermore, M1 macrophages generate abundant ROS and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-, IL-6), which propagate lipid peroxidation and impair antioxidant mechanisms in neighboring structural cells (127)
Key immunomodulatory actions include enhanced phagocytic activity of peripheral leukocytes, upregulated secretion of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM), and increased production of cytokines such as interleukins, TNF-, and interferon- (IFN-) (488)
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Absorbed vitamin B12 is transported via specific B12 binding proteins, transcobalamin I and II, to the various tissues
2023 Sep 21;389(12):106984
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