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After treatment with concentrations ranging from 0.0058 M to 5800 M, cell toxicity was not observed for GHK treated group (Fig

Neurons rely heavily on optimal mitochondrial function as mitochondria are responsible for generating cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation

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These reactive species can damage surrounding tissues and DNA, promoting mutations and genomic instability

Additionally, a recent study published in Nature estimates that, without effective mitigation, extreme temperatures could result in an additional 2.3 million deaths in European cities by the end of the century (Masselot et al., 2025)