R This pathway is the primary defense against: Aflatoxin B1 (a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus) Cadmium Epoxides (reactive Phase I intermediates from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) Lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde) Mercury (organic and inorganic forms) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) GSTs exist in three locations: cytosolic (the largest class, with alpha, mu, pi, theta, sigma, omega, and zeta subfamilies), mitochondrial (kappa class), and microsomal (MAPEG family)
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(2011, American Journal of Pathology) reported that IGF-1 had plaque-stabilizing effects in a mouse atherosclerosis model useful as a half-life reference (~20-30 hours) and pathway marker
The main reason is that GSH-Au NCs@His does not have the capacity to form an Au-S bond, which greatly reduces the effectiveness of GSH-Au NCs@His to consume GSH, thus protecting tumor cells from ROS oxidative damage (Figure 7C)
Standard oral glutathione has poor absorption
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