Non-stimulant options can still help support metabolism, craving management, or healthy stress without caffeine
Under this perspective, as reported in a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 [1, 2], the age-standardized rates of deaths per 100,000 individuals attributed to 37 unique conditions affecting the nervous system that now include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and emergent conditions such as cognitive impairment following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has decreased by 33.6% from 1990 to 2021
Published 2025 May 29
Int J Biol Macromol 214:542553 Huang HS, Ma MC, Chen J (2008) Chronic L-arginine administration increases oxidative and nitrosative stress in rat hyperoxaluric kidneys and excessive crystal deposition
Nonetheless, 148 pM is taken as the threshold of diagnosis for vitamin B 12 deficiency in epidemiological studies
Moreover, it can bring new opportunities for drug research and development
