(4) Single route of administration: the current preclinical animal studies and clinical human trials predominantly employ oral administration as the primary intervention method for BBR, with a notable lack of research on alternative delivery approaches such as transdermal absorption
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Teprotumumab for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
220 HIF-1 interacts with BCL2, BNIP3, BNIP3L/NIX, Beclin-1, ATG proteins, and PIK3C3 to stimulate autophagy, 221,222 while AMPK and PTEN suppress mTORC1, activating ULK1 and enhancing autophagosome-lysosome fusion
Furthermore, to explore the potential therapeutic relevance of modulating lipid metabolism, we administered atorvastatin, a commonly used lipid-lowering drug, to mice with CaOx-induced renal injury
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