De novo synthesis of serine from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) occurs through a pathway consisting of three sequential steps: phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) oxidizes 3-PG to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (pPYR) using an NAD + cofactor, phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT) transaminates pPYR to phosphoserine (pSER) using glutamate as the nitrogen donor, and finally phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH) dephosphorylates pSER to produce serine [68]
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As the first plant AMPs identified with in vitro antipathogenic activity, thionins are small peptides of approximately 5 kDa and 4547 amino acids (aa), found predominantly in certain angiosperm families, including Poaceae (e.g., barley, wheat), Brassicaceae (e.g., Arabidopsis ), and Ranunculaceae
Lastly, it is the active metabolites of VitD that play a significant role in this microbiome interaction
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The GH-IGF-I axis and the cardiovascular system: Clinical implications