GABA signaling pathway serves as a key inhibitory regulatory system in the nervous system, encompassing the synthesis, release, transport, metabolism, and receptor binding of GABA
TGF- is another pivotal cytokine in ALD, primarily involved in liver fibrosis, one of the hallmarks of chronic liver injury.88 Ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, increase the expression of TGF-1 in HSCs, activating them to produce ECM proteins such as collagen, which leads to the accumulation of fibrotic tissue in the liver.89 In addition to its fibrogenic effects, TGF- inhibits matrix-degrading proteolytic enzymes, further contributing to fibrosis by preventing the breakdown of the ECM.89 TGF- also exerts direct effects on hepatocytes, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, which exacerbates liver injury and impairs the livers ability to regenerate following damage.90 91 Furthermore, TGF- influences immune cell function by polarising macrophages towards an M2 phenotype, which is associated with tissue remodelling and fibrosis.92 Despite its central role in fibrosis, TGF- exhibits complex and sometimes contradictory effects.93 94 While it promotes fibrogenesis, it can also have anti-inflammatory and tissue repair functions.93 This multifunctional nature presents a significant challenge in targeting TGF- as a therapeutic strategy for ALD
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It also enhances protection against UV rays that stimulate melanin production. Its status as a powerful antioxidant also means it works on premature ageing
Unlike oral supplements that lose potency during digestion, IV drip therapy ensures nearly full absorption of every nutrient
FIGURE 3 3.2 Clinical application practice TCM-derived compounds offer promising adjuncts in cardiovascular care
