doi: 10.3390/ijms26020601 120 Sadraoui AjmiI.SadraouiR.GuesmiF.SoltaniA.AmariR.ChaibS.et al
Healthy cells maintain a ratio of 100:1 or higher (99% GSH, 100:1 The reality is that glutathione declines with age-by age 60, levels can be 30-50% lower than in youth
Proal and Van Elzakker, 2021
However, the therapeutic utility of doxorubicin is undermined by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, possibly arising as a result of futile redox cycling, with NADH dehydrogenase within the mitochondria proposed as the most likely site of anthracycline reduction 9,10
Evidence-Based Medical Insight
These include inhibition strategies of NAD + consuming enzymes, such as CD38 and PARPs, or modulation of key NAD + synthesis proteins such as NAPRT and NAMPT, as summarized below and in Fig