Stage 1: Skin surface is normal SAT soft Nodules may be present ranging in size from rice-like to walnut-shaped Swelling minimal: (edema during daytime, resolves with elevation), hands/feet not affected Responds well to treatment Stage 2: Skin surface becomes uneven and harder with mattress pattern indentations SAT hardens, indentations visible, larger Nodules increase in size, become harder, can become stuck together Increased daytime swelling, elevation less effective, hands/feet not affected May respond well to treatment Stage 3: Skin surface thick and hard, peau dorange, (orange peel-like quality), SAT increases and continues to harden Nodules are large Fat pads and lobules (large masses of tissue that overhang) especially on thighs, knees, and ankles Swelling present continuously, hands/feet generally not affected Less responsive to treatment Stage 4: Also called Lipo-Lymphedema (lipedema with lymphedema) Very hard skin and SAT Multiple large masses of overhanging tissue Swelling present continuously including dorsal foot swelling, positive Kaposi-Stemmers sign Less responsive to treatment Lipedema Treatment: Complete decongestive therapy (CDT): is used to treat both lymphedema and lipedema
10.1097/00004647-199905000-00003 J
In addition, tumor-associated intrinsic pathways such as MAPK/PI3K , WNT/-catenin , and PD-1 are closely associated with tumor angiogenesis, and interactions among these pathways affect DC maturation, and T-cell recruitment and activation, and subsequently promote drug resistance in breast cancer
Wound and Tissue-Response Models (preclinical): Used in experimental settings that measure connective tissue and repair-related endpoints
Improvement of neurological functions: Strengthens cognitive abilities by stimulating the production and activity of neurons, supports brain health
Stem Cell Recruitment and Cardiac Remodeling A distinct area of TB-500 research examines its role in cardiac progenitor cell recruitment and remodeling following myocardial injury
