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The Physiological Roles of Incretin Hormones Food intake stimulates the postprandial release of incretin hormones, particularly GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), from enteroendocrine cells located in the epithelial mucosa of the small intestine

Circadian clocks, feeding time, and metabolic homeostasis

Many of the big papers including the often cited (Koeth et al, 2013) paper, and (Ling Ding et al, 2018), reported experimenters fed their mice amounts of TMAO or precursors that are 100x or more than what would be given in a supplement

Zhu Z, He J, Liu G, Barba FJ, Koubaa M, Ding L, et al

A., & Lindblad, U

They are filtered through urine, reducing toxic burden and possibly softening arterial plaque that narrows the flow of blood