Macrophages can polarize into two distinct phenotypes: M1, which exhibits pro-inflammatory properties, and M2, which is associated with anti-inflammatory functions (Zhang et al., 2023
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Dopaminergic regulation of phagocytosis was also seen in hMDMs when DAT activity was blocked with nomifensine, downregulating LPS-induced phagocytic activity via autocrine signaling and suggesting that lower dopamine levels inhibit phagocytic activity in activated macrophages (Mackie et al., 2022)
These toxins lead to disruption in the roles of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in xenobiotic detoxification and activation, changes in CYP450 expression and related genes can significantly affect xenobiotic potential risk (10)