Exendin-4 (10 nM) promotes the expression of serine protease inhibitor-9, thus underlying the survival capability of cells against the attack of immune cells such as natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells in human islets (Cechin et al., 2012)
Beneficial bacteria increased, while bad bacteria decreased
It is important to note that whilst Victoza slows gastric emptying, this is generally a temporary, dose-dependent effect rather than the permanent nerve or muscle damage seen in true gastroparesis
Dizziness is a recognised side effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists, though the frequency varies between different products
Beyond lubrication, it helps regulate inflammation by modulating immune cell activity in the joint space
Challenges and limitations of medical obesity treatment remain GLP-1s generally require lifelong use to maintain results