Once there, smoke-expanded pools of alveolar macrophages are paradoxically less effective: phagocytosis, autophagy, antigen presentation, and production of key cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interferon- (IFN-) are all attenuated, while a shift toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes and smoke-induced metabolic exhaustion enable intracellular survival of the pathogen (Leemans et al., 2005
These receptors are specialized for lipolysis and thermogenesis
JAMA 323 , 20522059 (2020)
Carr, B
Holst, a gastrointestinal surgeon, had been hooked on finding the missing incretin for more than a decade ever since hed seen bariatric surgery patients at his hospital experiencing surges in insulin and crashing blood sugar
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 140.Cao, W