11 Jancs N, Jancs-Gbor A, Szolcsnyi J
Do not use vitamin b12 injection for dogs if it appears cloudy or color has been changed or vial is leaked or damaged, these are the signs of expiration
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
Complementary treatments address different aspects of wound healing or provide raw materials for tissue repair
Does alcohol specifically cause a vitamin B12 deficiency
PMID 30611561