While the role of adipose tissue as a central source of energy has been recognized for centuries, in the past decade, it has become increasingly clear that adipose tissue also displays characteristics of an endocrine organ releasing a number of adipose tissue-specific factors, known as adipokines
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The precise mechanism of kidney-protective effects of GLP-1 RAs still remains elusive, but likely include direct kidney actions such as inducing natriuresis through NHE3 inhibition in the proximal tubules, suppressing the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system, ameliorating kidney ischemia/hypoxia [63, 64]
It is also noteworthy that blood and tissue levels of glutathione rise slowly and cumulatively only when large doses of it are administered orally
These added levels of complexity and the limitations that will need to be overcome to fully understand their implications and implement these insights in targeting AR action for therapeutic intervention could be viewed as challenging
Our knowledge of these transporter proteins has expanded with time, leading to the identification of at least five structurally related facilitative glucose transporter proteins, denoted as GLUT1-5
