The endogenous antioxidant enzyme family consists primarily of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase and the tri-peptide (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteintyl-glycine) glutathione or (GSH), and free circulating thiols containing the sulfhydryl group (-SH) (table 6)
for semaglutide, liraglutide and dulaglutide, no dose adjustment is generally required, but monitor in severe renal impairment, especially with gastrointestinal losses Pregnancy and breastfeeding: GLP-1 therapies are not recommended during pregnancy
Treatment during the active phase is typically pain control with anti-inflammatory agents like ibuprofen
Funding This work was supported by NIDDK 5K23DK135901 (Rubin)
2026;49:413-423 - routine-care cohort, semaglutide arm n=1,393, -8.8% at 6 months
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