The MHRA/EMC SmPC for Ozempic and NICE guidance (NG28) on GLP-1 receptor agonists acknowledge these effects and recommend gradual dose titration to minimise adverse reactions
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Additionally, repeated freeze-thaw cycles are particularly damaging to metal-peptide complexes because the copper(II) ion can catalyze oxidative damage to the histidine imidazole ring during the transient concentration spikes that occur at ice-liquid interfaces
Rapid visible changes, dramatic weight loss, muscle gain, or acute performance enhancement are unlikely
Mol Cell Endocrinol 394:8898 Blutke A, Schneider MR, Wolf E, Wanke R (2016) Growth hormone (GH)-transgenic insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-deficient mice allow dissociation of excess GH and IGF1 effects on glomerular and tubular growth
Translational Psychiatry , 11 (1), 15