Starting in 1964 with Neil McIntyres seminal study at Hammersmith Hospital in London, researchers had observed that when people eat sugar, they experience higher insulin levels than when they get sugar injected into their bloodstream
For example, GLP-1 may activate the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrial cells, and ventricular cells, directly or indirectly through the sympathetic nervous system to increase the heart rate 31,32
In research, LL-37 is of particular interest in models exploring skin healing, immune signaling, tissue regeneration, and antimicrobial resistance
LL-37, also known as cathelicidin, is an antimicrobial peptide that is dramatically overexpressed in psoriatic skin
Various studies have demonstrated significant potential, particularly with oral and topical formulations
Tomaro-Duchesneau, C