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Risk Factors in Smokers Duration and number of cigarettes (pack-years) Genetic susceptibility: 1-antitrypsin deficiency worsens damage Recurrent respiratory infections Smoking is the main cause of COPD (~8090%) Dual pathology: emphysema + chronic bronchitis Mechanisms: inflammation, oxidative stress, protease-antiprotease imbalance, ciliary dysfunction SMOKE COPD S: Structural damage (alveoli destruction, airway remodeling) M: Mucus hypersecretion (chronic bronchitis) O: Oxidative stress (oxidants from smoke) K: Killing of cilia impaired clearance E: Enzymes/proteases alveolar destruction To view or add a comment, sign in More Relevant Posts Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) often go hand-in-hand

A trustworthy team explains the plan and never rushes your decision

With the rear seats down, the wagon and hatchback have a load floor length of 1,926

Theyre inconsistent, overheat your coffee, and lead to bitter or sour brews

But now I wont touch them

"It was the beginning," said Kenneth Warner, a University of Michigan public health professor who is a leading authority on smoking and health